The Sale of Goods Act 1979 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2381 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? Long established precedents exhibited a contradiction made amid a sale of distinct items against one of goods by depiction. The former necessitating the purchaser to examine the goods and rely on personal awareness: caveat emptor, while the latter evincing the reflection of the goods with their contractual specifications. In a sale of unrecognized goods, reference to chartered description could only determine the features. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Sale of Goods Act 1979" essay for you Create order This question calls for a study over the credenda of Implied Obligations which is concealed by the Sale of Goods Act 1979[1]. In order to compute the distinctive aspects of the proposal, the key substratum of Sections 13 and 14, citing a benchmark and quality of goods shall be abstracted. However, the core constituent of the analysis would be the scrutiny of each situation with the interpretation of variegated case law precedents cultured with time, statutory prerogatives and judicial maxims. (a) Primarily, half of the wine stock Rowena bought from Vic Ltd. was undrinkable yet such quota of ineffectuality was habitual for a matured drink of that sort. This signals a demanding assessment of the Sections 13 and 14 of the SGA 1979, correspondingly. Sale by description is the core potential behind the operation of S. 13. Initiating the statute, S. 13(1) holds that in the course of a contract, it is connoted that goods will match with their depiction[2]. In Varley V Whipp,[3] it was held that the buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dependence on the description revealed that sale by description was the essential term in the contract. S.13(3) expresses that if the goods are chosen by the buyer, there may be a deal by description and this has been demonstrated in Beale V Taylor,[4] where the buyer, purchasing the car after a thorough examination, was held to have intended to buy it through description rather inspection hence making it a sale by description. The Court of Appeal, in Re Moore Co Ltd. and Landauer Coà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Arbitration[5] noted that the purchaser was permitted to reject the items under S. 13 and Lord Atkin stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There is, therefore an implied condition that the goods when tendered shall resemble with the descriptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the purchasers were permitted to discard the wholeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Contrarily, in Arcos Ltd. V EA Ronaasen Son,[6] the House of Lords, upheld the buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to decline for the breach with valid description and Lord Atkin held: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A ton does not signify roughly a ton, or a yard roughly a yardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[7] Detectable words in a contract are part of the item description and there is an antithetical congruity between those relating to quality and characteristics. In Proton Energy Group SA V Orlen Lietuva,[8] the descriptive words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Oil blendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Clause 2 were held to be a part of the contract description under S.13. However, whether the vintagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ degree of satisfactory quality has to be now evaluated. S. 14 of the SGA 1979 encompasses provisions whereby ventures on the section of the dealer as to the nature of the items and their adequacy for a precise function, are foreshadowed into particular course of dealings. Hosting particular exceptions, the fundamental dictum of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"caveat emptorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ administers this prospect of the precedent of business and this approach is engrained by S.14 (1). Corresponded by S.14 (2), under a commercial dealing, there is a meant indication that the goods are of a decent caliber. This falls beneath a legislative exception accompanying S.14 (3) and exclusively exercises à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“where the dealer markets the itemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [9]. A matter that if one sells à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“in line of commercialismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  where oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business does not usually contain that of selling items, or of specific items, has now been deciphered by the Court of Appealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ruling in Stevenson V Rogers[10], enouncing that the sale was made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“in the course ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  that business so as to escort the agreement within the ambit of S. 14. Likewise, the goods should be of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“merchantable valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and appropriate for all purposes as per its definition in the Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973. LJ Norse, in Harlingdon Leinster Enterprises V Christoph er Hull Fine Arts Ltd[11] was of the view that the description must be influential to the extent of being enforceable. There cannot be a sale by description where there is not a review of the parties that the buyer is relying on his own skill. Moreover, was the wine fit for the purpose under S.14 (3)? The courts have adopted a proposition that where the goods have a distinguished function, that deems to be their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“particularà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  purpose. Food, for example, would be appropriated for the purpose of being consumed (Wallis V Russell)[12], milk to be drunk (Frost V Aylesbury Dairy Co.)[13], and a hot water bottle swelled with hot water to warm a bed (Priest V Last)[14]. This backs the notion of aptness for purpose and the courts have adopted this expansive understanding to assist the buyer in the context of widespread remedies in a consumer sale. Assessing the facts in the light of the case law, it is viable to say that although Rowena did not taste the win e, it does not necessarily mean that she did not look at the bottles. If she had examined the stock, she would have already know about their undrinkable quality and age. In such a condition, Vic Ltd. would not be held liable but if she has not, the seller would not be held guilty. (b) The second portion revolves around the doctrine of awareness in the context of the quality of the wine and the defects. Rowena did not inspect the bottles at the time of the purchase and later found them to lack exclusive quality which she expected. Moreover, the fraud by the French producers of the wine also emerged. The quality of the wine, as discussed in the previous part, is defined under S. 14 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979. Goods are credited to be of a satisfactory quality if they meet the standard of a judicious person, considering their narrative and other aspects (S.14 (2A) SGA 1979). In Bernstein V Pamson Motors (Golders Green) Ltd[15], it was held that the car was likely to be unmarke table. Arguably, albeit the wine did not fall in the category of a fine, pleasant drink, it was of a satisfactory quality. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s worth and value equated to the one consumed by a reasonable person customarily. Moreover, S.14 (2C) of the SGA 1979 stipulates that if the buyer reviews the goods before entering into a contractual settlement, then the implied term as to the quality ceases. In Thornett Fehr V Beers Sons[16], the defendants had inspected the goods and there was no implied arrangement that the glue was of merchantable quality. Likewise, in the celebrated case of United Central Bakeries Ltd V Spooner Industries Ltd[17], it was stated by Lord Hodge that the check of satisfactory quality is on a complete objective base and the court situated itself in the independent reasonable purchaser with knowledge of all the applicable facts and Spooner was held to be in breach of the implied condition under S. 14(2). Moreover, the express term in Dalmare SpA V Unio n Maritime Ltd[18] did not omit S. 14 which had been breached. Rowena did not taste the wine before obtaining the stock from Vic ltd. hence it can be indicated that the implied term as to the quality applies in this representation. If she had inspected the wine, the term would not have been enforceable. The crux of the contractual settlement was based on a sale by description as no investigation of the wine had taken place from Rowenaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s side. The quality can be reasoned on the ground of reasonableness because although the wine does not belong to a supreme brand, it still displays a satisfactory quality which fulfills S. 14 (2A). Sections 14(2D) and (2E) of the SGA 1979 encompass the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"relevant circumstancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in S.14 (2A) by containing any public declarations about specific features of the items. If they are mislabeled, by the vendor himself, his representative or the manufacturers, the vendor may be held accountable. However, there a re some departures to this rule. Primarily, if the vendor was not and could not rationally have been aware of the statement[19] and secondly, the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s choice to buy the goods was not influenced by the statement.[20] Henceforth, in the situation presented, if either of the exceptions exist, Vic Ltd. can escape its accountability. (c) Advancing in the dialogue, the vintage carrying a large volume of sulphur, has to be analyzed, which poisoned a customer whom Rowena had to reimburse for the unfortunate mishap. In order to evaluate this scenario, the concept of the Exclusion of Implied Terms under the Sale of Goods Act 1979 shall be considered along with the case law precedents. In Griffiths V Peter Conway Ltd.[21], both the defendants and plaintiff were uninformed of the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unusual sensitivity of her skin and Branson J. dismissed the action and his ruling was acknowledged by the Court of Appeal. He stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The specific purpose of the goods was to be worn by the woman suffering from the abnormality and if one undergoing such an illness needs an article for oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use, desiring to acquire the benefit of the implied condition and does not notify the seller, the seller cannot exercise his or her expertise and knowledge to measure the appropriateness of the item for that particular individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Peter Conway can be distinguished with Grant V Australian Knitting Mills[22]. It was stated that there was a sale by description even though the plaintiff had inspected the goods because the inspection could not disclose the occurrence of the sulphites. The exact purpose needs to be made known to the seller. In Grant, the particular purpose can be implied but in Peter Conway, due to the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s specific body condition, she must have specifically clarified her particular aim to the seller. The exact purpose cannot be implied due to her special condition. More over, in Christopher Hill Ltd. V Ashington Piggeries Ltd.[23], the Court of Appealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s verdict was overturned and it was held that the seller was accountable to the purchasers for breach of S. 14(1) of the Act of 1893. It was recognized that the herring meal contained a poison, harmful to an extensive range of animals rather than only minks. Lord Wilberforce stated: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Any overall appropriateness would be the merchantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ accountabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[24] Lord Diplockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opinion in Ashington Piggeries was considered in Jewson Ltd. V Kelly[25] where Clarke and Sedley L.JJ., both commented on the dichotomy between S.14(2) and S.14(3). The former establishing a broad standard while the latter striking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a certain compulsion tailored to the specific conditions of the careà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . As Mr. Kelly had not made his purpose sufficiently distinct to the seller, there was no breach of the implied term. In Henry Ken dall Sons V William Lillico Sons Ltd.[26], although the component was lethal to poultry, it was impeccably appropriate for livestock and the House of Lords held that it was merchantable. Consequently, in Cammell Laird and Co. Ltd. V Manganese Bronze and Brass Co. Ltd.[27], it was stated that the retailer was in breach of S. 14(1) and there was an implied condition that the propeller should be rationally suitable for use on the specific ship for which it was required, and it was not. Concluding the discussion, it can be stated that Rowena needs to notify Vic Ltd. expressly about the possible occurrence of such a constituent in the wine which might unfavorably affect her clients in any case. Only if she had particularly done so, she can bring a successful claim. Bibliography Case Law: Varley V Whipp[1900] 1 513 (QB) Beale V Taylor[1967] 1 W.L.R. 1193 (CA) Re Moore Co Ltd. and Landauer Coà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Arbitration[1921] 2 K.B. 519 (CA) Arcos Ltd. V EA Ronaasen Son[1933] A.C. 470 (H.L) In Proton Energy Group SA V Orlen Lietuva[2013] E.W.H.C. 2872 (Comm) Stevenson V Rogers[1999] 1 All E.R. 613 (CA) Harlingdon Leinster Enterprises V Christopher Hull Fine Arts Ltd[1990] 1 All E.R. 737 (CA) Wallis V Russell[1902] 2 I.R. 585 (CA) Frost V Aylesbury Dairy Co.[1905] 1 K.B. 608 (CA) Priest V Last[1903] 2 K.B. 148 (CA) Bernstein V Pamson Motors (Golders Green) Ltd[1987] 2 All E.R. 220 (QBD) Thornett Fehr V Beers Sons[1919] 1 K.B. 486 (KBD) United Central Bakeries Ltd V Spooner Industries Ltd[2013] 150 (CSOH) Dalmare SpA V Union Maritime Ltd[2012] E.W.H.C. 3537 (Comm) Griffiths V Peter Conway Ltd[1939] 1 All E.R. 685 (CA) Grant V Australian Knitting Mills[1936] A.C. 85 (PC) Christopher Hill Ltd. V Ashington Piggeries Ltd[1972] A.C. 441 (HL) Jewson V Kelly[2003] E.W.C.A. Civ 1030 (CA) Henry Kendall Sons V William Lillico Sons Ltd[1969] 2 A.C. 31 (HL) Cammell Laird and Co. Ltd. V Manganese Bronze and B rass Co. Ltd.[1934] A.C. 402 (HL) Legislation: Sale of Goods Act 1979 Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 Book: LS Sealy and RJA Hooley,Commercial Law, TEXT, CASES AND MATERIALS (4th, Oxford University Press, United States 2009) 397 Word Count: 1,941 [1] Hereafter abbreviated to SGA 1979 [2] Sale of Goods Act 1979 s 13(1) [3] Varley V Whipp[1900] 1 513 (QB) [4] Beale V Taylor[1967] 1 W.L.R. 1193 (CA) [5] Re Moore Co Ltd. and Landauer Coà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Arbitration[1921] 2 K.B. 519 (CA) [6] Arcos Ltd. V EA Ronaasen Son[1933] A.C. 470 (H.L) [7] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A ton does not mean about a ton, or a yard about a yardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . [8] In Proton Energy Group SA V Orlen Lietuva[2013] E.W.H.C. 2872 (Comm) [9] Sale of Goods Act 1979 s 14(3) [10] Stevenson V Rogers[1999] 1 All E.R. 613 (CA) [11] Harlingdon Leinster Enterprises V Christopher Hull Fine Arts Ltd[1990] 1 All E.R. 737 (CA) [12] Wallis V Russell[1902] 2 I.R. 585 (CA) [13] Frost V Aylesbury Dairy Co.[1905] 1 K.B. 608 (CA) [14] Priest V Last[1903] 2 K.B. 148 (CA) [15] Bernstein V Pamson Motors (Golders Green) Ltd[1987] 2 All E.R. 220 (QBD) [16] Thornett Fehr V Beers Sons[1919] 1 K.B. 486 (KBD) [17] United Central Bake ries Ltd V Spooner Industries Ltd[2013] 150 (CSOH) [18] Dalmare SpA V Union Maritime Ltd[2012] E.W.H.C. 3537 (Comm) [19] Sale of Goods Act 1979 s 14(2E)(a) [20] Sale of Goods Act 1979 s 14(2E)(c) [21] Griffiths V Peter Conway Ltd[1939] 1 All E.R. 685 (CA) [22] Grant V Australian Knitting Mills[1936] A.C. 85 (PC) [23] Christopher Hill Ltd. V Ashington Piggeries Ltd[1972] A.C. 441 (HL) [24] Lord Wilberforce at p.490 [25] Jewson V Kelly[2003] E.W.C.A. Civ 1030 (CA) [26] Henry Kendall Sons V William Lillico Sons Ltd[1969] 2 A.C. 31 (HL) [27] Cammell Laird and Co. Ltd. V Manganese Bronze and Brass Co. Ltd.[1934] A.C. 402 (HL)

Analysis Of On The Pulse Of Morning Essay - 1990 Words

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Engineering Project Preparation Global Manufacturing Market

Question: Discuss about the Engineering Project Preparation for Global Manufacturing Market. Answer: Introduction This project is developed in order to improve the production process of the photocopy machine manufacturing company Xerox. The purpose of this project is to reduce the inventory defects that the company is facing presently. In addition, in this project, it has been discussed how the company can use different tools and techniques such as Six Sigma and lean management to reduce various types of wastes such as time over production. As Zaman and Lehmann (2013) stated that, there are mainly eight types of wastes can be found in the manufacturing industry, overproduction, delay of production, inefficient utilization of skills, inefficient transportation, ineffective inventory, unnecessary movement of products and excess processing. Depending on the type of wastes that the company Xerox is facing appropriate process design plan has been developed. All theoretical models have been discussed which are needed to implement in a different stage of the process. Finally, a Gantt chart has been giv en to conduct the project plan within specified period. Literature Review There are various research works developed by researchers previously. Kidde et al. (2013) had developed a study to provide an overview of electronic waste management approaches. It has been found from this study that, electronic waste is one of the fastest growing pollution related issues globally. There are various types of toxic substances are present in e-waste which can threaten the human health. There is table given below in order to find out the quantity of e-waste produced by manufacturing industries of different countries such as Japan, China, and the USA. 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(2012), it has been found that approaches such as lean production supply chain can help to improve product quality and business performance of an organization. This study has been developed in Malaysian manufacturing industries. It has been found that implementing efficient lean production SCM can help the companies in Malaysia to improve their business performance. Production managers of different organizations can gain adequate knowledge about lean management as this study suggests some factors that needed to be emphasized in lean production. Conger (2015) had developed a study to indicate the importance of Six Sigma model in business process management. As Conger (2015) stated that, six-sigma process can help to eliminate all unnecessary steps from a business process. It has been found that the mobile manufacturing company Motorola has implemented six sigma models effectively. It has reduced the production of faulty product from 9.3 defects per million to 3.4 defects per million (Seuring 2013). Effective implementation of Six Sigma model helps the company to increase efficiency of Motorola from 99.95% to 99.9997% (Conger 2015). After analyzing all these previously done research works, it has been found that the first step of process management is to understand the process. It includes points such as stages of the process, product measures and errors related with the process. Depending on these factors, waste management efficient business operation procedure needs to be developed. It includes tool such as six sigma and le an management. Research questions aim and sub-goals Research questions What is the business process used by the organization Xerox? What are the major faults that the organization is facing in its business process? How different business management tools canbe implemented to improve the business process of the organization? Research aim The principal aim of this research work is to find out how an organization can apply various tools such as six sigma and lean management in order to improve faults of the business process. The subgoal of this research work is to find out the issues that the organization Xerox is facing in its business operation. Theoretical Content Research Hypothesis H0: Implementation of various operation management tools has little impact on the business operation of an organization H1: Implementation of various operation management tools has high impact on the business operation of an organization The business operation of an organization can be divided into two different types. They are such as designing of the product or service development process and design of the production process. As Yeheyis et al. (2013) mentioned that there are some mandatory criteria that the product or service development process of an organization needs to follow. They are such as attractiveness, reliability, user-friendliness and environmental friendliness. The company Xerox was founded in the year of 1960 (Seuring 2013). However, during the 1970s, the total productivity of the company was reduced by 20% due to increase competition in the market (Agus et al. 2012). Most of the Japanese companies concentrate on the high quality of production and low volume copiers. It has been found that due to unnecessary business process the production cycle time of the company is 2 times more than its competitors such as Kodak (Hajmohammad et al. 2013). Moreover, the company has ten times more rejection rate and 7 times manufacturing defects than its competitors (Kreimeier et al. 2014). For this reason, the market share of the organization had fallen more than 50%. Hence, it has become necessary to implement change in the product and service development procedure of the organization. The company should implement changes in various areas such as product planning, distribution, development of unit objectives and focus on customers.There are five major s teps can be applied to improve the product and service development process of the organization. They are such as idea generation, idea screening, preliminary design, review of the design and final review (Fullerton et al. 2013). There are various techniques can be implemented by the organization for effective idea generation. They are such as Brainstorming, min mapping, lateral thinking and Delphi Method. Experimental Set-up In this section,an experimental set-up has been developed to implement Six Sigma model so that operation management of the organization can be improved. As Yeheyis et al. (2013) mentioned that Six-Sigma is a customer based, top-down managed, strategically aligned and fact drove analysis. It requires a trained workforce in order to solve the predominantly complex problem in the business process. Figure 2: Six-Sigma Framework (Source: Yeheyis et al. 2013) In order to implement six sigma models, Xerox Company needs to develop dedicated infrastructure. The company needs to concentrate on critical customer opportunity. The company needs to provide significant training to the employees so that they become capable of using six-sigma framework. The company needs to implement black belt improvement specialists. It is required to link the customer focus with the strategies and objectives of the organization. In order to implement Six Sigma model effectively in the organization, a streamlined value chain process in order to consistently supply high quality products and service to the. Figure 3: Effective implementation of DMAIC in the project framework of Xerox (Source: Solano et al. 2012) As Becker et al. (2013) stated that it will also help to improve speed and efficiency of the production.In order to eliminate process defects and reduce variation lean management system can be used. As Hajmohammad et al. (2013) stated that lean process helps to reduce waste and increase the speed of the manufacturing process of the organization. In order to analysis, the flow of materials and information from the customer to supplier and vice versa Value stream map can be used. There are five stages, in which company Xerox can apply Value Stream Map in the business process of the organization. These scenes are mentioned below: Stages Activities Stage 1 Step one is related to the identification of the target product and product family. In the case of company Xerox, the target product is the photocopy machines. Stage 2 Development of the current state value streams map, which will indicate immediate steps, delays that the company is facing to produce the target product or service. Stage 3 Assessing the current value stream map in order to create flow by eliminating waste Stage 4 Development of a future state of value streams map Stage 5 In the last stage, the company needs to develop the future state condition for the organization. Figure 4: Steps to implement value stream map (Source: Seuring 2013) Figure 5: Value stream map implementation in the company Xerox (Source: Agus et al. 2012) Relevance of the result and outcome Effective implementation of lean six sigma model will help the organization Xerox to understand the actual needs and values of customers. It is expected that effective implementation of Lean Six Sigma process can help to transform the organizational culture of Xerox positively. It is also expected that this lean Six Sigma process will also help to improve overall operating procedure of the with the help of fact-based, disciplined decision making and measurable outcomes. The combination of these powerful approaches will be implemented in the organization Xerox. It is expected that the lean procedure will increase the speed of production and lower the cost of production. It is expected that lean process will identify the non-value steps and other causes of delay for the organization Xerox. With the help of Value Stream Map analysis, the company will be able to cut down the causes of delay. On the other hand, effective implementation of Six-Sigma process can improve the organizational culture. The practical implication of DMAIC process can help to eliminate variation from the production process and enhance performance on consumer CTQs. Effective implementation of this hybrid approach will contribute to reducing the production cost of the company by 30%. It is expected that the company will save approximately $1.2 million per annum by implementing lean six sigma model. Figure 6: Expected positive outcome Lean Six Sigma model (Source: Conger 2015) Project planning and Gantt chart In order to develop effective project plan, a workflow diagram has been given below: Figure 7: Workflow diagram for the project plan (Source: Author) Three major review points for this research work are such as gathering information about the key issues of the organization, analyzing previous research work to find out different approaches to solving operational issues of the company. The third one is the development of a hybrid model (combination of 2 or more than two models) to solve the issues faced by the organization. All these tasks are planned to be conducted within 16 weeks (1 semester). There is a Gantt chart given below to demonstrate a proper plan to carry out this research. Figure 8: Gantt chart for the project plan (Source: Author) Conclusion In this report, it has been discussed how a manufacturing company such as Xerox can improve its production process. It has been found that the company has not given required focus on the quality of production and waste management procedure. For this reason, the company is not able to cope up with its competitors such as Kodak. From various previous research works, it has been found that tools such as lean management and Six-Sigma model can be used effectively to improve the business operation of an organization. Hence, a hybrid model will be used (lean six sigma) in the business operation of the company Xerox. It is estimated that this hybrid approach will help the company to reduce its production cost by 30%. Reference list Agus, A. and Shukri Hajinoor, M., 2012. Lean production supply chain management as driver towards enhancing product quality and business performance: Case study of manufacturing companies in Malaysia. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,29(1), pp.92-121. Becker, J., Kugeler, M. and Rosemann, M.., 2013.Process management: a guide for the design of business processes. Springer Science Business Media. Conger, S., 2015. Six sigma and business process management. In Handbook on Business Process Management. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Fullerton, R.R., Kennedy, F.A. and Widener, S.K., 2013. Management accounting and control practices in a lean manufacturing environment. Accounting, Organizations and Society,38(1), pp.50-71. Hajmohammad, S., Vachon, S., Klassen, R.D. and Gavronski, I., 2013. Reprint of Lean management and supply management: their role in green practices and performance.Journal of Cleaner Production,56, pp.86-93. Kiddee, P., Naidu, R. and Wong, M.H., 2013. Electronic waste management approaches: An overview.Waste Management,33(5), pp.1237-1250. Kreimeier, D., Morlock, F., Prinz, C., Krckhans, B., Bakir, D.C. and Meier, H., 2014. Holistic learning factoriesA concept to train lean management, resource efficiency as well as management and organization improvement skills.Procedia CIRP,17, pp.184-188. Seuring, S., 2013. A review of modeling approaches for sustainable supply chain management.Decision support systems,54(4), pp.1513-1520. Solano, E., Ranjithan, S.R., Barlaz, M.A. and Brill, E.D., 2012. Life-cycle-based solid waste management. I: Model development.Journal of Environmental Engineering,128(10), pp.981-992. Yeheyis, M., Hewage, K., Alam, M.S., Eskicioglu, C. and Sadiq, R., 2013. An overview of construction and demolition waste management in Canada: a lifecycle analysis approach to sustainability.Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy,15(1), pp.81-91. Yeheyis, M., Hewage, K., Alam, M.S., Eskicioglu, C. and Sadiq, R., 2013. An overview of construction and demolition waste management in Canada: a lifecycle analysis approach to sustainability.Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy,15(1), pp.81-91. Zaman, A.U. and Lehmann, S., 2013. The zero waste index: a performance measurement tool for waste management systems. Journal of Cleaner Production,50, pp.123-132.

Prevalence Trends and Environmental Influences

Question: Discuss about the Prevalence Trends and Environmental Influences. Answer: Introduction Obesity and child overweight are prevalent globally. The issue of obesity and child overweight is associated with hypertension, heart diseases, and diabetes just to mention a few. Childhood and adult obese are related to the number of obese males and female children account for 66% and 79%, which is similar to obese adults. Health services and district/country- childhood has focused economic cost upon hospitalization for the commodities of obesity, the increased expenditures are due to the increase in the outpatient and emergency room visits as well as prescription drug expenditures. When the normal children are compared with the overweight children, we find that the children suffering from obesity register a higher outpatient visit expenditure, higher prescription drug expenditures, and emergency room visit expenditure. Obesity is measured using the BMI. The paper assesses the national prevalence of obesity in school going children of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A 10% stratified random sample of children was taken from a completely 16,391 children in the United Arab Emirates[3]. Physicians and trained nurses measured the height and weight of these children and their body mass index (BMI) was computed. The BMI s of the United Arab Emirates were the compared with the most recent international standards that had been published and it showed that the children are a high increased risk of overweight and obesity. For example, the obesity in the female children is same as the obesity in a male who are fourteen years old. At eighteen years in females, the obesity is 1.9 fold higher than the most recent international standards that were published. In general, the rate of obesity among the youth is two to three times greater than the most recent published international standard. Obesity and overweight have very significant consequences as well as implications for a persons health, social care and the economy of the country. Effects of obesity on the following levels; as an individual with the condition of obesity, one will face several challenges in life like; theis increased in the risk of developing a wide range of serious diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, strokes, type II diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fertility problems, as well as some cancers. In childhood obesity, there consequences in physical and mental health both long term and short term. In addition, obesity facilitates to several psychological problems like anxiety, mood disorder, poor self-esteem, poor quality of life, and dissatisfaction of the body. Obesity has been linked with low concentration levels, social exclusion in schools and poor academic success. Social lives of children who are obese are also at risk, they tend to suffer from discrimination and prejudice, fewer friends and a very low educational attainment. Families are the most important influences on the health choices that the children and youth make. Therefore, parents and guardians have a higher potential for preventing obesity and excess weight gain. The lifestyles we have adopted promote unhealthy eating and encourage sedentary activities better than physical activities. However, parents and guardians can take charge, provide their children, and share experiences necessary to ignore and put away the unhealthy cues and be able to make healthy choices to prevent excess weight gain and obesity. Childhood has focused economic cost upon hospitalization for the commodities of obesity; the increased expenditures are due to the increase in the outpatient and emergency room visits as well as prescription drug expenditures. When the normal children are compared with the overweight children, we find that the children suffering from obesity register a higher outpatient visit expenditure, higher prescription drug expenditures, and emergency room visit expenditure. Causes and factors that influence the emergence of this disease. Looking at obesity just on the surface, its cause looks to be very simple, that once you consume high levels calories compared to what your body can burn as energy through the physiological activities then one will simply increase weight. However, like many other things this simple explanation is always incomplete. The risk factors, which eventually lead to obesity, are a combination of socioeconomic factors, genetics, lifestyle choices, metabolic factors, and many other factors. Other causes are endocrine disorders, medicines, and diseases[4]. The common factors causing obesity include: According to Malik, one can inherit a tendency that will lead to obesity. If it happens that one or both of ones parents is obese then the chances of being obese increase by a whole twenty-five percent[5]. Heredity tends to also influence where one can carry weight, could be the hips, or the middle of ones body. Metabolic expending energy is different in different people. Hormonal factors and metabolism are not the similar for everyone, but these factors play a major role in ones weight gain. Studies prove that peptide hormone and ghrelin regulate appetite, other peptide trigger hunger and give one a feeling of being full after eating[6]. Overeating combined with sedentary lifestyle leads majorly to obesity. Changing ones character can easily change these lifestyle decisions. If ones diet contains calories from highly fat, sugar, and refined foods then one is likely to gain weight and be obese. Coupling this with no regular exercises it becomes very difficult or one to lose weight or just maintain their weight. In children and the youth, activities, which do not expend energy, like watching TV and sitting at a personal computer greatly leads to weight gain. Role played by globalization, culture, and nutrition transition in the development or extent of obesity Nutrition transitions refer to the modernization, development of the economy, urbanization and increased income, which facilitates to the predictable shifts in diet[7]. Nutrition transition is categorized into five distinctive patterns they are; These are individuals, who lead a very active lifestyle; they hunt and forage for food. Their diet is composed of fibrous plants and very rich in protein from the lean animals they hunt in the wild[8]. As the income, keeps increase these individuals, have a better access to the abundant foods rich in calories, and thus become lesser active. This, therefore, leads to obesity and other obesity-related chronic diseases like heart disease, some cancers, and diabetes[9]. In response to the high frequency of obesity and the obesity-relateddiseases, these individuals are forced to change their behaviors and the community promote the character changes which will avoid such conditions. The middle-income countries like the United Arab Emirates are moving from pattern three rapidly, which is the end of drought to part four, which is consuming many energy-dense diets. This kind of shift from the traditional cultural diets to the lifestyle in the developed countries is the major contributor to obesity and excess weight gain. The effects of sex, age, and genetics Science proves that genetics have a role in obesity. Genes have the power to cause obesity in disorders like Prader-Willi syndrome. Genes will not always predict ones future health but genes and character are both needed for one to be obese. In many occasions, multiple genes will require ones susceptibility to excess weight gain and other factors required such as little or no physiological work. Women have a poor obesity-related QOL as compared to the men. In lower age groups, obese women have a poor obesity-related QOL as compared to the normal womens weight. In men, however, the obese men have no difference at all in obesity-related QOL. In older age groups, obese men have better QOL than the normal men and the women still have a poor QOL[10]. Obesity has become the main influence on the development of the cardiovascular diseases and thereby affecting the physical and also social functioning as well as the quality of life. The importance of effective interventions that will reduce obesity has really increased as the number of children and the adults who are obese is now at epidemic proportions[11]. Population-based strategies prevent the development of obesity and overweight throughout life by improving physical and social environments contexts for physical activity and healthy eating is very important. The population-based approaches to prevent obesity and overweight recommend approaches that can complement individually oriented interventions and also clinic-based prevention as well as programs for treatment. Almost all the current eating and activity patterns in the United Arab Emirates are those that lead to weight gain and obesity. Population approaches coupled with policy and environmental changes have the capability to increase the opportunities for healthier eating behaviors, physical activity that will not require a deliberate action by individuals and will help in addressing inequalities[12]. Modifying people lives through population-based approaches to affect peoples choices includes having the following areas assessed to identify the targets for change; locations of first food restaurants, adequate sidewalks that will promote physical activity, availability of public means of transport, restaurant portion sizes and the availability of low-fiber foods, high fat and sweetened foods. Public Health Approach Reducing the mobility and mortality that is related to obesity is actually a public health priority. The government has come up with various interventions in schools in the United Arab Emirates, which aim to achieve or maintain a healthy weight among the children and the youth. A good example of the strategies to prevent obesity is the School-Based Programs. The school environment is very important being that ninety percent of the Arab children and youth at the age of five to seventeen are in school and they eat one to two meals there[13]. This program targets the children in schools and the intended outcome is to achieve or maintain a healthy weight. This program includes nutrition education as well as exercise components. This prevention strategy in schools is implemented in the following ways; limiting access to unhealthy foods such as refined grains, potatoes, sweets, red and processed meat in the school environment, increasing physical activities by incorporating games after classes, P.E lessons where children play, including sports days in the school calendar etc[14]. Giving the students enough homework so as to limit the television time, screen time and all other set time activities which do not expend energy. In addition, lower grade children should be allocated time for sleeping in order to reduce their stress levels[15]. When all this is done properly in an institution then the risk of obesity will be highly reduced. Challenges, barriers in the implementation The numbers of the controlled preventive strategies that target children are relatively small. School-based programs have succeeded in reducing the dietary fat intake, energy intake and limiting the sedentary activities like watching television. The short-term intervention programs have been documenting successful BMI changes, which in turn open long-term interventions[16]. However, there is an increased concern in the obesogenic environment. The characteristics of this environment make energy balance maintenance become difficult. The environment has high energy density and foods that arent expensive, which increase the opportunities to consume[17]. Reduced physical activities due to automobile, elevators, as well as escalators, are the major causes of obesity. The sedentary leisure time is increased and there are limited opportunities to have physical recreational activities. Definitely, both children and their families are always put to this kind of unhealthy environment and thus all efforts that are associated with modifying excess weight gain and obesity must address the societal and cultural factors or at the very least consider the potential impact on household based or school prevention programs[18]. The government of the United Arab Emirates should insist on the prevention strategies of obesity and excess weight gain and limit the sedentary lifestyle completely. This can be done by making policies that people will be forced to adhere to. Incorporating prevention strategies at almost all public and private setting is yet another solution towards the challenges faced in preventing obesity[19]. Conclusion Obesity is associated with some of the major leading cause of health complications. In addition, obesity can contribute to psychological issues like depression, anxiety, low quality of life, and poor self-esteem. For school going children, obesity can lead to reduced concentration levels, low level of academic success, and exclusion. In this case, the social life of obese children is wanting as most of this children face discrimination from the other children. Parents and caregivers have the responsibility of ensuring children take the right foods and in correct portions. Therefore, parents and caregivers have the duty to prevent overweight and obesity in children. Other than food intake, parents should encourage their children to participate in physical activity. In addition, proper health choices should make available to children in order to prevent obesity and overweight. Bibliography Al-haddad FH, Little BB, Abdul Ghafoor AG. Childhood obesity in United Arab Emirates schoolchildren: a national study. Annals of Human Biology. 2005 Jan 1;32(1):72-9 Malik M, Barry A. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children in the United Arab Emirates. Obesity reviews. 2007 Jan 1;8(1):15-20 Wang Y, Lim H. The global childhood obesity epidemic and association between socio-economic status and childhood obesity. Kelishadi R. Childhood overweight, obesity and the metabolic syndromes in developing countries. Epidemiolic reviews 2007;29(1).62-76 Salmon J. Prevalence trends and environmental influences on child and youth physical activity. Med Sport Sci. (Review). Medicine and Sport Science 2007;12(1).67-3 Pollan, Michael. You Are What You Grow New York Times Retrieved 200;7(1).30-1 Metabolism alone doesnt explain how thin people stay thin. John Schieszer. The Medical Post. Farooqi S. Genetics of obesity in humans Endocr Rev. (Review) 2006;27(7): 710-18. Walley, Andrew. The Genetic Contribution of non-syndromic human obesity Nat Rev. Genet. 2009;12(1):45-6 Harman A. Regulation of Energy Balance by Leptin. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes (Review). 2016;104 (4): 293-300 Gupta N, Childhood obesity in developing countries: epidemiology, determinants, and prevention. Endocrine reviews. 2012 Jan 12;33(1):48-70. Musaiger AO, Radwan HM. Social and dietary factors associated with obesity in university female students in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 1995 Apr;115(2):96-9 Kelishadi R. childhood obesity in developing countries. Epidemiologicreviews. 2007;29(1):62-76 Musaiger AO. Overweight and obesity in theeastern Mediterranean region: prevalence and possible causes. Journal of obesity. 2011 Sep 18;2011 Cubeddu LX, Effects of a sedentary lifestyle. American Journal. 2008 Jan1;21(1):105-10 Henry CJ, Al-Hourani HM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adult females in the United Arab Emirates. International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2009 Jan 1;60(3);26-33 Scott K, Parents, Teachers and Students Perceptions of Childhood Obesity in the Middle East. European Scientific Journal. 2013. Dec. 1 Scott KD Teachers parents and students perceptions of childhood obesity in the Middle East. (Doctoral dissertation.) TEACHERS COLLEGE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. Bloushi KA. Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases in the United Arab Emirates. International Dental Journal 2008 Aug 1;58(S4) Harman A. Regulation of Energy Balance by Leptin. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes (Review). 2016;104 (4): 293-300

Assignment Help

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The Gold Rushes

The Gold Rushes What could be more American than the gold rush? Well, here are four of them. Californias was not the first nor the last. Earlier Gold Rushes While the 1849 Gold Rush is the one we capitalize, it was not the first gold rush. That one happened in North Carolina starting in 1803.  Not even coin collectors may know about that one, because unlike later gold rushes no federal mint was established there at the time. Nevertheless, all of Americas gold coinage from 1804 to 1828 was Carolina gold, shipped to Philadelphia for minting. The next gold rush happened in the hills of Georgia in 1828, in Cherokee country near the town of Dahlonega. A mint was duly established there, and the original D mint mark is found on coins from 1838 to 1861. A gold museum is there today, and historical markers around Lumpkin County point out mine after extinct mine. Another mint opened in Charlotte at this time to serve the mature gold mines of the Carolinas. The California Gold Rush Were all taught that early in 1848, on the 24th of January, James Marshall found gold nuggets in the flume of the water-driven mill he was building in Coloma, California Territory. The news took a while to build steam, but once it did California was swiftly transformed, and the Forty-Niner entered the worlds folklore. The Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park site has a good summary of the events of that day. There were parallels between Georgia and California. Hordes of outsiders poured in, stripped the land of the easy gold, and pushed out the original inhabitants. Soon the romantic- and destructive- prospectors and panners gave way to organized mining firms, which won the bulk of the wealth. A federal mint was established in both states to turn the gold dust into legal tender- Dahlonegas turned out gold coinage with the D mint mark until the Civil War began, and San Franciscos still makes specimen coins today with the S mark. (The original San Francisco mint is a cherished landmark building that survived the 1906 earthquake and fire, safeguarding its supply of money and helping fund the recovery.) Later Gold Rushes Lesser gold rushes over the next half-century left their traces elsewhere in the American West, in Nevada, Oregon, Colorado and Utah. The Colorado gold rush began in 1859, and many former Forty-Niners, themselves former twenty-eighters, set up diggings there. More natives were displaced, and another mint arose in Denver (again with the D mark) that still operates today. Some old coins bear a CC from the short-lived mint in Carson City, Nevada, which was not just a gold rush but a silver rush. But the classic gold rush ended with the turn of the century, starting in 1898 in the Klondike district of the Canadian Yukon and neighboring Alaska. This is the one that Charlie Chaplin reenacted in the movie The Gold Rush. Modern mining companies moved in quicker than ever, and the days of amateur gold hunters striking it rich ended. (North Ontarios major gold rush in 1910, for instance, was a fast-moving corporate affair.) By Chaplins time, just a generation later, history had become farce. Instead, gold-rush history has become a kind of pay dirt, and sites all over the Web serve up choice nuggets about the Klondikes glory days. Today the real money in gold belongs to serious miners, guided by serious geologists. Thus geology, the most practical science, creates the worlds wealth, and that is why the seal of the U.S. Geological Survey features mining tools. Some companies still work the old gold-rush grounds, but most of the diggings are anonymous waste lands today. PS: Many gold rush localities are fondly maintained today as attractive destinations for visitors and tourists. Try these: Columbia, CaliforniaCoos Canyon, MaineKlondike, AlaskaOld Sacramento, CaliforniaSkagway, AlaskaWickenburg, Arizona

Reflection on Film Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection on Film - Movie Review Example One of the key functions of the movie was to depict a current reflective model has several aims for the young nurses to be successful. Â  The current model aims to meet the aspirations of the modern medical healthcare services by increasing the recruitment of nurses. One of the most critical components for these young medical professional is to put them in an environment in which they can enhance their skill base and competences with the hosptial’s development progress. More focus is emphasized on training while increasing the staff morale in midst of adversities. Furthermore, the goal was to escalate the interpersonal communications of these students in order for them to communicate with their patients. It is evident that patients and the hospitals want to have this symbiotic relationship in which habits of trust and confidentiality are solidified. The movie focused on organizational methods and education offers many incentives for its members. First and foremost, it allows nurses to have mentors and create a solid foundation of network that will allow its members to have a connection for recruitment purposes. Another incentive to join this organization is the fact that it implements a model that should be developed for nursing students should be simple in order to facilitate the process. It should consist of peer collaboration, discussion, research and testing along with shadowing a medical professional. These steps are vital because they solidify the foundation of core competencies along with remedying deficiencies. Needs were assessed based on quantified manner. In essence, research was based on the assessment and further investigation that the patients condition was severe. Additionally, much of the emphasis was based on patient-nurse relationship, which was depicted consistently throughout the movie. Reflect practice was another common theme in this movie as reflective practice becomes an

American political history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

American political history - Essay Example War on terror is one of the major outcomes of the 9/11 incident. It started from Afghanistan on October 7, 2001, immediately after the 9/11 incident. America believes that the major culprits behind 9/11 Osama and Mulla Omar (Taliban leader) are currently operating from the Afghan-Pakistan borders. In order to seize Laden and Mulla Omar and also to destroy Taliban from Afghanistan, America started the Afghan war immediately after the 9/11. It is widely known that the roots of contemporary terrorism originated in Afghanistan when United States sponsored Afghan mujahideen in their bid to repel Soviet Union which resulted in the formation of CIA trained terrorists united under the banner of Osama Bin Laden’s Al-Qaeda† (Ahmed, 2005, p.3). Afghanistan is an uncivilized country and most of the people in Afghanistan are illiterate. Religious fundamentalism is at tits bests in Afghanistan because of the organizations like Taliban. Earlier during the cold war period, Soviet Union intruded into the Afghanistan territories and America did everything possible to remove Soviet troops from Afghanistan. The United States never thought that they will face the consequences of their action in future when they cultivate religious fundamentalism in Afghanistan in order to expel Soviet troops. America deliberately cultivated strong patriotism and religious fundamentalism in the veins of the Afghan people during the Soviet regime in Afghanistan. America made the Afghan people aware of the evil effects of communism. They spread the propaganda that Soviet regime may destroy religion from Afghanistan so that the dominant Muslim population in Afghanistan may be forced to avoid their religious beliefs in future. In other words, America tried to exploit the religious beliefs

Antigone and Euthyphro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Antigone and Euthyphro - Essay Example The nature of piety was altercated in ancient literature through the characters of Antigone and Euthyphro. Antigone and Euthyphro’s individual’s beliefs and perception of how rules must be taken were the forces that influenced them to choosing decisions that shaped their recognition about the nature of piety. The life story of Antigone indeed began with a tragedy, which had provoked her to make a decision that changed the course of her life, or perhaps, has become the instrument to ending her life through unjust means. Antigone was trapped in a situation, where she had to choose between what is right based on her conscience, and on what is right based on the legal code of Thebes. Apparently, conflicts were brought by the opposing view of Antigone and Creon on the type of law that must be sustained, referring to the divine law and the human law. Despite this conflicting belief, Antigone was certain that the human law does not surpass the divine law, when it comes to what is morally right for people. For this reason, she stood by her conviction that religious piety supersedes whatever law is created by people, who claim as rulers or kings in this world. For Antigone, even the punishment of death will not defy her devotion to the divine law. Antigone’s views adhere to the idea that there is more to life than being devoted to an earthly government, whose doctrines do not agree with the authentic nature of piety. That is, decisions in life must not dwell on human laws that dishonor the essence of the divine law -- the laws, which are there to guide people of what is morally right and wrong. By and large, Sophocles’s Antigone encapsulates the weaknesses of an earthly government, where the elected military leaders reap the benefits of them having judicial authority. Antigone is being oppressed by the tyranny of an earthy government that is ruled by a male leader, whose interpretation of justice violates the divine law. Still, in spite of th eir oppression, Antigone was willing to sacrifice her life so that Polyneices may rest in eternal peace. No earthly law hindered here to fulfilling her duty to the corpse of her brother Polyneices. In the end, Antigone may have died, but her pious devotion became the instrument to amending the flaws of the justice system in a city that is oppressed by tyrants. The story of Euthyphro, on the one hand, narrates the experiences of Euthyphro as he pushes for the prosecution of his own father, who had murdered a servant. Similar to Antigone, Euthyphro’s desire to let his father bear the consequences of his actions was a result of him believing that what he was doing was a pious thing. However, the presence of Socrates in this story made the character of Euthyphro confused over the real meaning of piety, for Euthyphro has always believed that making his father liable for killing an individual is the right thing to do, and that his father has committed a wrongdoing, which is impious . Socrates was the key to letting Euthyphro realize that his own beliefs of what is pious do not justify the act of being pious itself. Euthyphro agrees to the nature of piety but he did not fully understand how it may apply in seeking for authentic justice not in the eyes of an earthly court, but in the eyes of the gods. He was adamant to defend not his own father, but the victim, who his own father has killed, and for Euthyphro this is deemed an act of piety. It is an act of piety not because it is

Impact of Decision Making at McDonalds

Impact of Decision Making at McDonalds This academic essay is related to strategic management and leadership in McDonalds. The purpose of this assignment is to understand the impact of decision making in an organisation i.e. McDonalds. In this cut throat competition which is prevailing in the market, it is my understanding that leadership and proactive strategy plays vital role in overall organisations success. In addition to this it has become apparent that strategic management and leadership operate at parallel level in an organisation. STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT: It deals with the most fundamental and basic question that involve the very existence of the whole organisation and guide the whole companys future. (Napuk,1999) Strategic management entails both strategic planning and implementation, and is the process of identifying and executing the organizations strategic plan, by matching the companys capabilities with the demands of its environment.(Arit Gadiesh and James Gilbert, 2001) In laymans term strategic management provides overall direction to the organisation. This in turn entails specifying the organisations mission, vision and objectives, developing plans etc. LEADERSHIP: Leadership is defined as influence, that is the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically toward the achievements of the groups mission. Visionary leadership inspires the impossible: fiction becomes truth. (Corporate strategy 1997 Richard Lynch) In leadership, people run the organisation to one place or another for the achievement of its objectives. Leadership is a great tool in achieving success for the organization, not just through charisma, but through good judgement, proper motivation of employees effective utilization of materials. LINK BETWEEN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP: Due to a rapidly changing world, organizations face incredible pressures in delivering immediate results. This necessitates for strategic management because there is a great need to maximize every available resource to achieve the organizations goal. To manage an ever increasing demand for company effectiveness, there is a great need for strategic leadership to approach these conditions priorities. For any ongoing business, it is mainly important to implement strategies through effective leaders. Real strategic leadership means taking responsibility for the future as well as what is happening today. A primary goal of strategic leadership is gaining a better understanding of the business conditions, the environment and the leading indicators that identify new trends and situations that may arise. According to the situation, leadership styles can be varied like autocratic, democratic and charismatic and so on. In any organisation it is required to have a good strategic management with good leadership skills. These two must be in parallel positions for the organizations success. LEADERSHIP STYLES ON DIFFERENT SITUATION IN MCDONALDS As I have taken McDonald as case study, I would like to discuss the management style that operates in this company. Based on my understanding, McDonald operates with a Democratic style of management. This realisation comes to me while I am working with the company and it gives freedom and flexibility of change according to different situations. In this style, the employee and people associated with the company have more participatory role in the decision making process. McDonald has a democratic style and there is a less gap between manager and employees. They have two way relationships between them. They have a comfortable working pattern. So the manager can easily get the feedback from the employees. Also on the other hand, the employees understand the situation and they follow the rules without any difficulty. There are same levels of working. According to the different situation they have a different style of leadership. In this particular approach, the store manager has all power to run the branch but still allows employees to share their ideas and insights. Also in McDonald, every employee has a participative role in the decision making process. All employees have to work with their strengths and provide input on how to delegate work within the team. The management gives more importance to work in a team rather than doing individually. In McDonald, ideas move freely amongst the group and discussed openly thus ultimately achieving their objective. This works both ways for the company by fulfilling individual objectives in line with the overall objective of organisation. The management of this organization motivates the employees to do more work by involving them into decisions which really affects the objective of the organisation. This particular approach influences the productivity of employees and they feel important to be a part of the organisation by providing a value. They lead all the employees to the same level and the manager always tries to know the strengths and weakness of employees. To overcome these difficulties, they provide appropriate training career development programmes. McDonald has flexible working hours which provides stress-free environment. They are free to ask with the manager about schedules. The way McDonald management adapts to different situations, a strong relationship is being formed between the subordinates and the managers. OBJECTIVE OF MCDONALDS: The main objective of McDonald is to make people aware of each product on offer, feel positive about it and remember it. The right message has to be communicated to the right audience through the right media. Because of this, McDonald need to give importance understand the value of both employees and customers. Happy employees serve well and results to satisfied customers. This serves as a win-win situation for both organisation and employee. McDonald has continuously done internal marketing this is important as it precedes external marketing. It goes in line with the ultimate aim of creating not just service leadership but management service. This delivery process is the key to achieving the aim of the company. IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP STYLE ON STRATEGIC DECISION: Good leadership is adapting to any changes at any time doing the right things at the right time. Because of democratic style of leadership, employees can work comfortably and they can share their ideas and insights with the management. Also in McDonald, managers effectively delegates work to their subordinates and give them full control and responsibility to the tasks. Managers welcome feedback on the result of initiatives and the work environment. Strategic decision has to be made by leaders who have the ability to take effective decisions and adapt to changes in any situation. Because of democratic leadership, employees and managers easily understand the situation and cope with it. They work freely and comfortably. In McDonald all employees have a right to participate in the objective of organisation. McDonald has a strategic decision which is implicated and formulated by leaders and managers of the organisation. First they decide the future plans and objective of McDonald and how to get there in minimum time. They also motivate people to do more work and they appreciate their work by giving the performance award at the end of month. CONCLUSION: From above discussion, I came to a conclusion that in adapting democratic style McDonald is really effective in providing value to employees. Although this style may bring out differences in ideas, it still ends up with formulating a common decision. McDonalds management leadership style is useful as well as to other organisations where managers and employees easily understand the situation and work accordingly. Strategic management and leadership correlates with each other. Without making any effective strategic decision, leadership cannot work and it cannot reach to the final objective of an organisation.

Nuclear Core :: Earth Science Essays

Nuclear Core The Earth’s core is a massive nuclear fission reactor. The core uses the process of nuclear fission to burn it’s fuel of uranium 235 into lighter elements, or fission byproducts. This core is also responsible for producing much of the geological phenomenon observed on the Earth. Phenomena such as geomagnetism and the periodic shutting down of the Earth’s magnetic field are examples of phenomena that are directly attributed to fission within the Earth. There is also substantial reason to believe that the center of the Earth is a massive nuclear reactor from the empirical data gathered from observations, testing, and logical evidence to support this idea. The traditional theory about the Earth’s core suggest that the core of the Earth is a solid nickel and iron sphere surrounded by a fluid metallic magma. The rotation of the Earth is believed to create massive columns of magma to swirl in the core. These columns are believed to produce the Earth’s magnetic field. This theory is based on the assumption that the Earth’s core is cooling and will eventually cool completely and cease to produce energy and a magnetic field. However, this theory does not answer many ongoing mysteries about the Earth, such as why the Earth’s magnetic field periodically shuts down, and questions about the energy production of the Earth. It was apparent that a new theory was needed to explain the mystery of the Earth’s core. The concept of nuclear fission within the earth started in the fifties. Geophysicists began to question whether natural occurring nuclear fission was possible. It seemed that it was a definite possibility and eventually, empirical evidence presented itself. In 1972 at the Oklo uranium mine in western Africa, a natural nuclear fission reactor was discovered deep within the earth. It was later determined that this reactor had been burning for almost two million years (Earth’s Core). The discovery provided an answer to the possibility of naturally occurring nuclear fission in the earth. The answer was yes. This led to more questions, however. What were the implications of such a process occurring naturally inside of the Earth? As time progressed, scientists learned more about naturally occurring reactors and new theories developed. Through observations of other planets, and observing the Earth in respect to the solar system, some bold new theories arose.

Inside James Diyson

In â€Å"Inside Dyson: a distinctive company? †, Shepherd et al. (2011) gives details of the secret of Dyson’s success – the company specializing in innovative, design-heavy vacuum cleaners and other household appliances. The successes and failures of Dyson’s design efforts (from their successful vacuums to the 3-in-1 vacuums that did not test well with customers) are explored, as well as their unique perspective on business, which puts quality and innovation above anything else. 1. Using frameworks from the chapter, analyze the strategic capabilities of Dyson. The strategic capabilities of Dyson revolve primarily around a resource-based view of the strategy with a heavy focus on engineering design; they spend a tremendous amount of time developing and engineering prototypes for household products that seek to provide a twist to the typical device (e. g. , vacuum cleaners that provide smooth turning around the corners, oscillating fans that â€Å"multiply† air, etc. ) This creates a niche in what can be an overly-saturated market. Providing a unique spin of this sort on a product can offer tremendous advantages. Combine this with state-of-the-art, sleek design elements and bright, colorful exteriors, and Dyson creates a number of high-end, well-sought-after appliances. Dyson invests heavily in Chinese and Asian manufacturing in order to make their products cheaper, so that they can maintain profit margin benchmarks. This emphasis on design in their organizational planning means not as many products being manufactured. But what they do sell they sell to a target market at higher prices. Given the innovation that is present in Dyson’s business strategy, it is quite clear that their strategic capability is high, even though the risks can be high as well due to the experimental and ‘out there’ nature of their products which may be too daunting for normal consumers. 2. To what extent do you think any of the capabilities can be imitated by competitors? The primary niche that Dyson follows is superior design. As a result, it can be quite difficult to replicate the specific strategic capabilities. Their focus on innovation revolves around them being the only ones around to actually try to change the way the vacuum or other appliance is designed. The level of specialization is what attracts customers to them. In order to provide legitimate competition to Dyson, superior engineering designers would have to be hired, and a much greater focus on innovation would have to be attempted. Otherwise, Dyson’s dominance in the high-end, experimental house-ware market remains unchecked by competitors. Competitors are already trying to imitate their products with the USA Wind Tunnel vacuums and Mjele swivel-head vacuums. Yet the patents Dyson has placed on their product prevents other companies from outright stealing of their ideas. 3. Which of Dyson’s distinctive capabilities may become threshold capabilities over time? The existence of high-value specialties will likely become a threshold capability for Dyson as the time goes on. Threshold capabilities are what is required to remain in the market. Currently, what is allowing Dyson to maintain its high prices is the high quality of the design and engineering present in their products. Compared to other consumer-level appliances of this kind, Dyson stands out as a distinctive product from a marketing standpoint. Emphasizing the new and innovative stuff allows the consumer to feel as though they are receiving a brand new, insightful product, leagues ahead of the competition. For Dyson to change its business model in any way towards increasing volumes of standard products would be to tarnish its image, nearly irreparably. What is maintaining Dyson’s primary conceit is the design innovation, which is a clear threshold capability. 4. Bearing in mind your answers to questions 1 and 2, how crucial is Sir James Dyson to the future of the company? What might be the effect of his resignation or the sale of the company? Given the importance of James Dyson, it would certainly be a blow if he were to leave or sell the company. James Dyson is a prominent public figure and the best spokesperson in commercials Dyson company could have. For many consumers, there is a certai n security in seeing the actual representative or president of the company speak to them directly and explain the features of the Dyson vacuum; if that was not happening, it is possible that†¦

Free Essays on Rene Descartes Meditations

After Descartes’ first meditation his problem becomes this; how can he be sure that any of his beliefs hold any truth? How can he be sure that everything isn’t just an illusion that is deceiving him such as a dream or that there isn’t a deceiver intentionally deceiving him? He finds that in order to move forward in his quest for true existence of god or the material world he must find a starting place of truth or as he puts it like Archimedes moving the earth, some fixed point of certainty. He finds this fixed point with his Cogito, the discovery that he himself must exist. Having already convinced himself that there is absolutely nothing in the world, Descartes is left to ponder if he himself does not exist as well. He finds this thought to be false because if he can convince himself of something then he must certainly exist. Further questioning this theory he finds that even if some deceiver of supreme power that is deliberately and constantly deceiving him that he must also undoubtedly exist because he is still thinks that he is something even if false, thus still existing. This now brings in the phrase â€Å"I am, I exist† or the more popular interpretation â€Å"I think therefore I am† Furthering that Descartes is essentially asking himself would it be possible for himself to believe that he existed, and this be false? He finds that even if he believes this false logic that he must still exist, because anything that believes or doubts something must exist. So if he does believe that he exists, then his belief must hold truth, because it would be impossible for him to hold that belief falsely do to his logic of existence. So he ascertains that if he can both persuade himself of something, and likewise be deceived of something, then surely he must exist. He essentially claims that every time he thinks something in his mind, he has proof that he exists. It is not possible to think without also existing. With this ... Free Essays on Rene Descartes Meditations Free Essays on Rene Descartes Meditations After Descartes’ first meditation his problem becomes this; how can he be sure that any of his beliefs hold any truth? How can he be sure that everything isn’t just an illusion that is deceiving him such as a dream or that there isn’t a deceiver intentionally deceiving him? He finds that in order to move forward in his quest for true existence of god or the material world he must find a starting place of truth or as he puts it like Archimedes moving the earth, some fixed point of certainty. He finds this fixed point with his Cogito, the discovery that he himself must exist. Having already convinced himself that there is absolutely nothing in the world, Descartes is left to ponder if he himself does not exist as well. He finds this thought to be false because if he can convince himself of something then he must certainly exist. Further questioning this theory he finds that even if some deceiver of supreme power that is deliberately and constantly deceiving him that he must also undoubtedly exist because he is still thinks that he is something even if false, thus still existing. This now brings in the phrase â€Å"I am, I exist† or the more popular interpretation â€Å"I think therefore I am† Furthering that Descartes is essentially asking himself would it be possible for himself to believe that he existed, and this be false? He finds that even if he believes this false logic that he must still exist, because anything that believes or doubts something must exist. So if he does believe that he exists, then his belief must hold truth, because it would be impossible for him to hold that belief falsely do to his logic of existence. So he ascertains that if he can both persuade himself of something, and likewise be deceived of something, then surely he must exist. He essentially claims that every time he thinks something in his mind, he has proof that he exists. It is not possible to think without also existing. With this ...

Calyx Corolla Essays

Calyx Corolla Essays Calyx Corolla Paper Calyx Corolla Paper Calyx Corolla 1)What is the gap in market structure for Calyx and Corollas business model? The traditional distribution chain for the fresh flower market is: grower, distributor, wholesaler, retailer and finally the consumer. As a result of the number of participants in this structure, a flower may be as much as seven to ten days old before it is available for sale in a retail store. Additionally, the industry participants do not confine themselves to a single role. For example, most growers distribute some flowers directly to local or more distant wholesalers, and many distributors and wholesalers engage in some of their own production. The fragmentation within the channels of distribution results in a rather inefficient distribution system. This gap in the fresh flower market structure was noticed by Ruth Owades who capitalized by creating Calyx Corolla (C), which is a true departure from traditional channels of distribution. The business model of C is as follows: orders from customers are received by telephone, fax, or mail at the central office in San Francisco and then sent via fax or computer to the thirty flower growers who supply C. The growers, in turn, pack and ship individual orders and send them directly to consumers by Federal Express. As a result, C is able to substantially reduce the time it takes to deliver flowers to the consumers door, typically only a few days after the flowers have been cut. 2) Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of CC versus a conventional business retailer? What market segments is CC most suited to take advantage of? Strengths of Calyx Corolla compared to a conventional flower retailer: 1)The most obvious strength and the greatest competitive advantage that CC has when compared to a conventional flower retailer is the ability to deliver fresher longer lasting flowers. As a result of pairing growers with Federal Express, CC is able to deliver flowers within a couple of days of being cut as opposed to retailers that sell flowers that have already spent a lifetime in warehouses, trucks and storerooms. )CC not only sells a superior product compared to flower retailers, it also attempts to educate and inform its consumers. Among the product, cost and color choices in its catalogs, CC includes trivia, consumer information and arrangement suggestions to make the flower purchasing experience more enjoyable for the consumer. 3)As a result of its partnership with Federal Express, CC has the ability to distribute flowers to people all over the wo rld. Retailers, however, are generally located only in areas where flower demand is high and thus cannot reach as many consumers as CC. )The case states that CC is comparable to flower retailers in terms of flower prices charged to consumers. As such, flower consumers get more flower value (freshness and longevity) for their money when purchasing from CC. Weaknesses of Calyx Corolla compared to a conventional flower retailer: 1)Flower retailers offer consumers the ability to purchase and enjoy flowers real time, as opposed to CC which takes days to deliver flowers. 2)Although CC has six annual catalogues that allow consumers to see pictures of products, conventional retailers allow consumers to select from on-hand inventory. )Consumers who order from CC are required to pay a delivery fee, whereas consumers who purchase flowers from a retailer do not have to pay extra fees. As a result of CCs strengths, it is suited to take advantage of a couple market segments. The first is the seg ment of flower consumers who value quality fresh flowers that will last long after purchase. The other segment that C is suited to take advantage of is the group of flower consumers who live in geographic locations where retailers are unavailable. ) What should Owades and her team do to fully develop the potential of the C business model? What would you recommend? In my opinion, C has a strong business plan that has not been fully developed. Strategically increasing advertising, pairing up with a credible brand name and allowing consumers to customize floral arrangements are a few recommendations to grow the C business model. Reaching out to consumers via television commercials, magazine and newspaper ads, radio spots and billboards are all new advertising options for C. Currently 70% of Cs revenue is derived from its catalog, 20% from corporate clients and 10% from outgoing telemarketing to previous flower recipients and existing customers. By informing consumers about CC via these new advertising strategies, CC would increase brand awareness and revenue. Another recommendation for CC is to couple its distribution leadership with brand recognition. For example, CC could team up with Martha Stewart, Williams-Sonoma or Smith Hawken to sell brand specific floral arrangements. Additionally, since these brands are internationally recognized, this recommendation will attract a wide range of consumers. Finally, CC could set up a website that would allow consumers to customize floral arrangements. Based on the inventory of the 30 contracted growers, consumers could mix and match different flowers to create virtual floral arrangements. Once pleased with their arrangement, the consumer would place the order online and CC could use its distribution strengths to deliver the product.

Buy to Let Investment Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Buy to Let Investment Market - Assignment Example This paper will focus on four areas of the buy to let marketplace: explanation of the taxes a property investor will be subjected to, how the property investor can minimize their capital gains tax liability through careful tax planning, how to be careful not to attract an investigation by the Inland Revenue, and, the tax benefits of setting up a property company to save property tax. There are a variety of taxes that the investor will be required to consider when investing in buy to let properties including: stamp duty and inheritance tax. There are some taxes that can be reclaimed against the tax on rents for buy to let properties such as "costs of maintenance, such as insurance, cleaning, gardening, agent's commission and other reasonable management expenses (but not home improvements) and a wear and tear allowance of 10% of the rents received may be deductible." (Alan Harvey, 2006) liable when, land or residential property is purchased where where the purchase price is above 60,000, or where it is transferred and the outstanding mortgage amount is greater than 60,000. The rates of stamp duty vary between 1% for properties less than 250,000 and 4% for properties over 500,000. It is also worth noting that there are certain areas that are exempt from stamp duty, where the property is purchased for less than 150,000. (Weller and McTernan, 2006) if at the timeThe other tax that the investor will be responsible is inheritance tax which is commonly referred to as the 'gift' or 'death tax'. Weller and McTernan (2006) explain the inheritance tax: if at the time of your death you pass on part or the whole of your estate then again the inheritor could be liable to pay Inheritance Tax. There is currently an IHT threshold level of 263,000 for the 2004-2005 tax year. Anything above this amount is taxed at 40% i.e. at the highest rate. This means that if at the time of death, your whole estate is valued at less than 263,000 then the inheritor will have no tax to pay. (Weller and McTernan, 2006) The two things you can't escape are death and taxes, but, why not make an investment work for the investor. By buying into the buy to let scheme, an investor's main goal is to gain equity buy minimising what they will pay to the Inland Revenue department. The investor's objective is to minimise their capital gains tax liability through careful tax planning. Minimising Capital Gains Tax Capital gains tax is payable "if a property is sold for a higher price that what was paid for it, or when a property or part of a property is transferred to someone who is not your spouse." (Weller and McTernan, 2006). Thus "the capital gain is calculated by deducting the allowable costs and Inland Revenue tax relief's, from the selling price of the property. Examples of allowable costs include, property extensions, purchasing related costs etc." (Weller and McTernan, 2006). As some investors fail to realise that when they sell their property, they could end up paying an extremely large tax bill of anywhere up to 40% of the net profit of the sale of the property.

Aristotle's Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aristotle's Theory - Essay Example e fact that Aristotle believes that the soul exists until there is a body, the philosopher recognizes activity of the mental processes and their involvement in physiological states of a person. Considering the relationship between body and soul, Aristotle points out an inextricable link between them. â€Å"Unlike Plato, he has no objection to so intimate a relation between the mental and the physical† (Caston 331). In fact, he expresses the conviction that their interaction can be regarded as monism. Recognizing the link between body and soul, Aristotle says that the soul is active, not passive. Unlike the supporters of epiphenomenalism, Aristotle argues that the physiological processes can be the result of certain psychological processes. There are two possibilities (Caston 330). Some physiological processes are the result of both physical and psychological conditions, while others can only be the result of certain mental changes. To sum up, there are no reasons to believe that Aristotle supports the standpoint of epiphenomenalism on the importance of psychological states in human activities. On the contrary, Aristotle emphasizes activity of the mental properties and their impact on various physiological states. Thus, Aristotle understands the unity of body and soul as an opportunity to influence each

Identity and immigrants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Identity and immigrants - Essay Example Sen’s form of clothing and the American way of dressing. It is the cultural norms, beliefs and values which motivate immigrants to preserve their culture (Tong 562). Baharati is less conservative in the mode of dressing while on the other hand Mira and Mrs. Sen are very conservative to the Indian way of dressing. Baharati’s form of clothing does not depict the Indian identity but rather the American identity. This is a form of cultural rebellion which characterized some immigrants (Ahadi and Rogelio 848). Mira and Mrs. Sen maintain the Indian identity through their clothing because they feel obliged to maintain their culture. The conservative nature of the two women stems from the fear of betraying their ethnic values and beliefs (Khanna 59). The attitudes and choices related to marriage among immigrants are culturally instigated (Tong 563). Baharati and Mira used to express the same views or opinions about marriage when they were back in India. However their viewpoints on marriage differed when they reached America. Mira retained her Indian viewpoints of marriage when she arrived in America. This is depicted by the fact that she married an Indian student from Wayne State University. Baharati’s views on Marriage are Americanized. This is revealed by the fact that she decided to marry a fellow student regardless of the fact that he was not of Indian origin, but an American whose parents were Canadian. It is therefore evident that Baharati’s views on marriage were based on the fact that you do not have to marry someone from your own ethnic background. On the other hand Mira believed that she had to marry someone who is Indian like her. It is evident that Baharati was prepared for the emotional strain that wou ld result from marrying someone who was not from her own ethnicity (Baharati 274). Mrs. Sen was similar to Mira on her views on marriage. For instance, her husband Mr. Sen is from her own ethnic background. Mrs. Sen also maintained her